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Beranda PENDIDIKAN KILAS EDUKASI Kampung Adat Kuta, Kearifan Lokal dari Tatar Galuh Ciamis
BUDAYA, KILAS EDUKASI, PENDIDIKAN, WISATA  

Kampung Adat Kuta, Kearifan Lokal dari Tatar Galuh Ciamis

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Kampung Kuta
Kampung Adat Kuta yang berlokasi di Desa Karangpaningal, Kecamatan Tambaksari, Kabupaten Ciamis merupakan salah satu wisata budaya unik, (Foto: Istimewa).

ZONALITERASI.ID – Kampung Adat Kuta yang berlokasi di Desa Karangpaningal, Kecamatan Tambaksari, Kabupaten Ciamis merupakan salah satu destinasi wisata budaya unik.

Selain memiliki pemandangan yang menarik, kampung adat yang berjarak sekitar 45 km dari pusat kota Ciamis ini memiliki tiga keunikan. Pertama, bahan/bentuk bangunan rumah tinggal penduduknya sama. Kedua, adat istiadatnya masih kental. Dan ketiga, ada ketua adat yang mengendalikan jalannya adat istiadat.

Ada tiga rute yang dapat dilalui menuju ke lokasi wisata Kampung Adat Kuta.

– Rute pertama, dari rute arah Kota Banjar, dengan membutuhkan waktu sekitar 45 menit di perjalanan.

Dari kota tersebut ambil jalur melalui Jalur Pohat, setelah itu masuk ke Kecamatan Purwaharja Kota Banjar, teruskan perjalanan menuju ke Desa Bangun Harja, begitu sampai ke desa tersebut, Anda dapat langsung memasuki wilayah Desa Karangpaningal, beberapa menit sebelum sampai ke lokasi wisata kampung.

– Rute kedua, melalui jalur dari arah Bandung atau Tasikmalaya.

Dari Kota Bandung lanjutkan perjalanan menuju ke arah Panjalu, setelah itu teruskan menuju ke Rajadesa serta melalui Rancah, Anda dapat meneruskan perjalanan dengan mengikuti arah jalan sampai menuju ke Kecamatan Tambaksari.

Setelah sampai ke Kecamatan Tambaksari, Anda dapat melanjutkan perjalanan menyusuri kecamatan sampai ke lokasi dengan menggunakan petunjuk yang tersedia.

– Rute ketiga dapat ditempuh dari Kabupaten Ciamis membutuhkan waktu sekitar kurang lebih 1 jam 30 menit.

Dari kabupaten tersebut dapat mengambil jalur ke arah Cisaga menuju ke daerah Rancah. Sesampainya di daerah Rancah, teruskan perjalanan menuju ke Kecamatan Tambaksari, lalu teruskan perjalanan dengan mengikuti petunjuk jalan sampai ke kampung wisata.

Miliki Luas 97 Hektare

Kampung Adat Kuta berada di lembah yang dikelilingi tebing. Luas kampung adat ini yaitu 97 hektare, mencakup 40 hektare hutan lindung (leuweung karamat/Leuweung Gede), permukiman, sawah, ladang, kebun, kolam ikan, jalan, tanah lapang, gunung dan mata air keramat.

Rumah-rumahnya berjajar di tepi jalan kampung atau mengelompok pada tanah yang datar. Setiap rumah berpekarangan luas dengan tanaman pokoknya kawung. Tidak heran mayoritas penduduknya bermatapencaharian sebagai pengrajin gula aren. Selain ada petani sawah, peternak, dan pengrajin anyaman. Seluruh warga Kuta beragama Islam.

Kampung Adat Kuta dikomandoi oleh dua orang pemimpin, pemimpin formal dan informal. Pemimpin formal adalah ketua RT, ketua RW, kepala dusun dan kepala desa yang biasa disebut dengan kuwu. Pemimpin informal adalah ketua adat dan kuncen. Kuncen mengurusi upacara-upacara dan yang berkenaan dengan hutan keramat, adapun urusan adat istiadat selebihnya oleh ketua adat.

Sesepuh Kampung Adat Kuta, Warja, mengatakan, awalnya di Kampung Adat Kuta ini hanya ada 5 rumah panggung (pendiri Kampung Kuta). Kemudian bertambah sampai 125 rumah. Sekarang rumah panggung di Kampung Adat Kuta hanya 117 rumah, yang dihuni oleh 275 jiwa. Karena banyak yang sudah meninggal dunia dan rumah tersebut dirobohkan karena sudah tidak ditempati.

Warja mengungkapkan, Kuta berasal dari kata Mahkuta. Konon di daerah ini sempat akan dijadikan pusat Kerajaan Galuh pada masa Prabu Permanadikusuma. Sehingga masyarakat percaya Kuta merupakan salah satu tempat peninggalan Kerajaan Galuh.

“Leuweung Gede salah satu tempat pusat kerajaan yang dibatalkan, bahan bangunan yang terlanjur disiapkan hanya tinggal gundukan kapur (gunung kapur), gundukan semen merah, gundukan peralaran dan gundukan pandai besi yang membentengi kampung kuta sekarang,” ujarnya.

Kata dia, Ki Bumi merupakan peletak dasar kehidupan di Kuta yang merupakan panutan warga Kuta. Menurutnya, adat istiadat warga Kuta merupakan runtutan sejarah yang tidak bisa dilepaskan dari cerita Kerajaan Galuh awal, dan Ki Bumi yang diutus oleh Raja Cirebon untuk menyebarkan agama islam ke daerah selatan.

“Kami sebagai warga Kampung Kuta akan terus melestarikan dan mempertahankan warisan ini,” pungkasnya.

Tabu di Kampung Kuta

Kampung Adat Kuta merupakan satu-satunya daerah di Ciamis yang tetap mempertahankan kearifan lokal. Meskipun seiring berjalannya waktu, kehidupan masyarakat di sana mulai mengikuti perkembangan, seperti sudah menggunakan listrik, menggunakan barang elektronik dan kendaraan bermotor.

Tabu tersebut di antaranya berkenaan dengan pemberian nama anak yang baru lahir, membangun rumah, tata cara bekerja, kesehatan, pernikahan, kehamilan, penguburan, dan berkenaan dengan keberadaan hutan keramat.

– Tabu Membangun Rumah dengan Genteng dan Tembok

Larangan ini dimaksudkan agar penghuni rumah tidak seperti dikubur. Rumah dari tanah (genteng) serta letaknya melebihi batas kepala manusia, sama artinya dengan dikubur. Rumah harus berbahan bilik dan kayu dan berbentuk panggung. Hal ini sebenarnya dikarenakan kondisi tanah di Kuta labil sehingga apabila berbahan bata maka bobot rumah akan berat hingga bisa amblas.

Rumah bilik dan kayu tidak boleh menyentuh tanah supaya tidak lembab. Bilik dan kayu yang lembab akan rentan terhadap rayap, karenanya dibentuk panggung.

– Tabu Membangun Rumah Saling Memunggungi

Posisi rumah yang satu dengan yang lain harus berhadapan, terkecuali kalau jaraknya jauh. Hal ini agar apabila penghuni di suatu rumah terkena musibah maka akan diketahui oleh penghuni yang ada di depannya.

– Tabu Berkenaan dengan Leuweung Karamat

Bagi yang masuk leuweung karamat tabu untuk mengenakan baju dinas dan perhiasan. Maksudnya, diingatkan bahwa orang tidak boleh sombong karena di mata Tuhan semua makhluk itu sama.

Tabu mengenakan alas kaki, maksudnya agar tidak merusak tanaman yang ada di hutan keramat. Tabu meludah, buang air kecil dan sebagainya, maksudnya adalah untuk menjaga kebersihan hutan keramat.

Selain itu ada pantangan-pantangan yang harus dilakukan seperti tidak diperbolehkan mengunjungi kampung pada hari Senin dan Jumat, tidak boleh berpakaian serba hitam, dan saat penduduk meninggal maka harus dimakamkan di luar area kampung.

Upacara Tradisional

Di Kampung Adat Kuta terdapat upacara yang diselenggarakan untuk kepentingan perseorangan seperti upacara yang berkaitan dengan daur hidup dan mendirikan rumah, dan upacara yang diselenggarakan untuk kepentingan bersama seperti upacara nyuguh, hajat bumi, dan babarit.

Masyarakat Kuta juga percaya terhadap tabet-tabet ‘tempat-tempat yang dikeramatkan’, seperti leuweung karamat, Gunung Wayang, Gunung Panday Domas, Gunung Barang, Gunung Batu Goong, dan Ciasihan. Selain juga percaya pada adanya hari, nama, arah, dan tempat yang baik.

Beberapa kegiatan yang didasarkan pada perhitungan antara lain memberi nama pada bayi, melakukan pekerjaan, mendirikan rumah, pindah rumah, dan menentukan arah berikut tata letak rumah yang akan dibangun, serta menentukan hari perkawinan dan khitanan.

Dalam hal kesenian, di Kampung Adat Kuta di antaranya terdapat kesenian tayub, gondang, dan terbang.(des/berbagai sumber)***

 

 

 

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