ZONALITERASI.ID – Warning untuk untuk orang-orang yang mengidap obisitas. Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia (LIPI) merilis, kemanjuran (efficacy) vaksin Covid-19 berkurang bagi pengidap obesitas.
Asumsi itu muncul dari penelitian Universitas North Carolina yang menyatakan 50 persen pengidap obesitas meninggal dunia akibat Covid-19.
“Vaksin yang bertujuan untuk mengaktifkan respons kekebalan terhadap suatu penyakit seperti Covid-19 dapat berkurang efektivitas pada orang obesitas,” kata Kepala Laboratorium Rekayasa Genetika Terapan dan Protein Desain LIPI, Wien Kusharyoto.
Wien mengatakan, obesitas berperan dalam memicu lebih banyak proses inflamasi atau peradangan dalam tubuh.
Proses peradangan ini berujung pada berbagai penyakit penyerta Covid-19 (komorbiditas) seperti diabetes, darah tinggi hingga penyakit jantung.
“Obesitas berperan dalam memicu lebih banyak inflamasi dalam tubuh, yang pada akhirnya menyebabkan penyakit2 seperti diabetes, darah tinggi dan penyakit jantung,” tutur Wien.
Diungkapkannya, orang pengidap obesitas ini memiliki sistem imunitas yang lebih rendah dibandingkan orang non-obesitas. Fungsi sel T (T cell) berkurang di tubuh orang-orang yang mengidap obesitas.
Lanjut Wien, respons terhadap stimulasi oleh antigen juga menurun bagi orang obesitas. Hal ini dapat memperlemah proses pembentukan antibodi.
“Beberapa studi menunjukkan bahwa obesitas berpengaruh dalam penurunan produksi sitokin, fungsi sel pembunuh alami (T cell), yang merupakan bagian dari imunitas bawaan kita,” kata Wien.
Sitokin adalah molekul pemberi sinyal kimia yang memandu respons imun yang sehat. Wien juga merujuk pada penelitian yang membuktikan respons imun yang lemah akibat obesitas.
“Beberapa studi menunjukkan respons imun yang lemah karena obesitas dalam pengembangan vaksin terhadap hepatitis B dan influenza,” ujar Wien.
Sebelumnya, obesitas sudah dikaitkan dengan banyak faktor risiko yang mendasari Covid-19, termasuk hipertensi, diabetes tipe 2, penyakit jantung, penyakit ginjal, dan hati kronis.
Dalam penelitian itu, perubahan metabolisme yang disebabkan oleh obesitas, seperti resistensi insulin dan peradangan mempersulit individu dengan obesitas untuk melawan beberapa infeksi.
Selama masa infeksi, glukosa serum yang tidak terkontrol, yang umum terjadi pada individu dengan hiperglikemia dapat merusak fungsi sel kekebalan.
“Semua faktor ini dapat memengaruhi metabolisme sel kekebalan, yang menentukan bagaimana tubuh merespons patogen, seperti virus corona SARS-CoV-2 ,” kata Wien, merujuk penelitian yang dilakukan di Universitas North Carolina, Melinda Beck.
Ia menambahkan, orang dengan obesitas dengan Body Mass Index (BMI) lebih dari 30, berisiko lebih besar terkena virus corona dalam segala hal. Risiko penderita obesitas berakhir di rumah sakit karena Covid-19 meningkat 113 persen.
“Dari jumlah itu, penderita obesitas yang dirawat di ruang perawatan intensif sebesar 74 persen dan memiliki risiko kematian yang lebih tinggi akibat virus sebesar 48 persen,” pungkas Wien. (haf)***
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