ZONALITERASI.ID – Guru Besar Fakultas Ilmu Budaya Universitas Padjadjaran (Unpad), Prof. Dr. Nina Herlina Lubis, mengatakan, dua kerajaan besar di Jawa Barat yang berdiri setelah zaman Tarumanagara, yaitu Galuh dan Sunda, memiliki akar kuat sebagai identitas sejarah dan budaya dari masyarakat Sunda.
“Berbicara mengenai kerajaan Sunda, tidak bisa dipisahkan dari nama kerajaan Galuh. Sebab, antara kerajaan Sunda dan kerajaan Galuh pernah bersatu dengan nama kerajaan Sunda dan pusat kekuasaannya berada di wilayah Galuh,” kata Nina, saat menjadi menjadi pembicara dalam diskusi virtual “Satu Jam Berbincang Ilmu: Kerajaan Sunda dalam Konstelasi Politik, Dulu dan Kini”, dikutip dari laman Unpad, Jumat (10/12/2021).
“Penyatuan kerajaan Sunda dan kerajaan Galuh terjadi pada masa Sanjaya, Raja Sunda setelah Maharaja Trarusbawa. Dalam sumber primer Prasasti Canggal disebutkan, Sanjaya merebut takhta kerajaan Galuh dari Rahyang Purbasora sekitar sebelum tahun 732 Masehi,” sambungnya.
Sejarawan Unpad ini menjelaskan, berdasarkan tinggalan sejarah, ibu kota atau pusat kekuasaan kerajaan Galuh berpindah-pindah. Bermula di daerah di dekat Banjar saat ini, lalu berpindah wilayah yang saat ini menjadi perbatasan Ciamis-Banjar, serta kembali pindah ke daerah Kawali.
“Di Kawali itulah kita menemukan sumber yang bisa dipercaya tentang Galuh, yaitu 6 prasasti yang menyebutkan berbagai peristiwa tentang kerajaan Galuh,” sebut Prof. Nina.
Ia mengungkapkan, memiliki ibukota kerajaan yang berpindah menyebabkan adanya perbedaan karakteristik kerajaan Sunda dengan kerajaan di Jawa Tengah maupun Jawa Timur.
Kerajaan Sunda cenderung memiliki tinggalan sejarah berupa bangunan candi yang lebih sedikit dibanding di wilayah tengah dan timur. Ini disebabkan, masyarakat Sunda pada saat ini bukan sebagai masyarakat menetap.
Hal ini menyebabkan mengapa ibu kota kerajaan Galuh dan Sunda berpindah-pindah.
“Karena berpindah-pindah jadi tidak punya waktu membangun candi besar. Di Jateng dan Jatim masyarakatnya petani sawah, sehingga cukup punya waktu membangun bangunan monumental,” tuturnya.
Pajajaran
Lanjut Prof. Nina, kerajaan Sunda yang paling dikenal masyarakat Sunda adalah Pajajaran. Namun, Pajajaran bukanlah nama sebuah kerajaan. Sebab, nama kerajaan yang sebenarnya adalah kerajaan Sunda.
“Pajajaran adalah ibu kota atau pusat kekuasaan kerajaan Sunda selama masa Sri Baduga Maharaja, atau Prabu Siliwangi, yaitu Pakwan Pajajaran. Pakwan Pajajaran terletak di wilayah Kota Bogor, saat ini,” katanya.
“Ada teori yang dikemukakan Robert von Heine-Geldern, kerajaan di Asia Tenggara umumnya disebut dengan nama ibu kotanya,” kata Prof. Nina.
Dalam kepercayaan mereka, ibu kota kerajaan diyakini sebagai pusat mikrokosmos. Cukup dengan menyebut nama mikrokosmos, berarti sudah menyebut seluruh wilayah kerajaan.
“Itu sebabnya yang beken sekarang itu Pajajaran, padahal yang betul kerajaan Sunda. Itulah kita harus berpegang pada sumber primer,” ujar Prof. Nina.
Sumber primer diyakini para ahli sebagai bukti otentik yang bisa menjadi referensi suatu sejarah. Hal ini juga bisa menjadi rujukan dari beragam perdebatan yang muncul dari proses interpretasi sejarah.
Kepercayaan Prabu Siliwangi
Menurut Prof. Rina, kerajaan Sunda sendiri tidak lepas dari adanya perdebatan. Salah satunya mengenai kepercayaan Prabu Siliwangi.
Kata Prof. Nina, kepercayaan Sri Baduga Maharaja termaktub dalam Prasasti Batu Tulis yang didirikan Prabu Surawisesa, 12 tahun setelah kematian Sri Baduga Maharaja. Dalam prasasti itu, jelas disebutkan bahwa Sri Baduga Maharaja, ayah dari Prabu Surawisesa, meninggal pada 1521. Jenazahnya kemudian diperabukan.
“Kenapa diperabukan, karena dia beragama Hindu,” ujar Prof. Nina.
Berbekal informasi dari sumber primer, jelas disebutkan bahwa Sri Baduga Maharaja meninggal dalam keadaan beragama Hindu. meskipun ada bukti sekunder yang menerangkan bahwa Prabu Siliwangi beragama Islam.
Menjelang akhir usianya, mulai banyak pendatang yang menetap di Tatar Sunda. Para pendatang tidak hanya beragama Hindu, tetapi ada pula yang beragama Buddha dan Islam.
“Beragamnya kebudayaan dan agama di tatar Sunda membuktikan bahwa kerajaan Sunda memiliki toleransi yang tinggi. Bahkan, penyebaran Islam di tatar Sunda sudah berlangsung sejak abad ke-14,” terang Prof. Nina. (des)***
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