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Beranda BUKU RESENSI Potret Kaum Urban Ibukota
BUKU, RESENSI  

Potret Kaum Urban Ibukota

Redaksi
FOTO BUKU 9
(Foto: Istimewa)

Judul buku : Senja di Jakarta

Penulis : Mochtar Lubis

Penerbit : Yayasan Pustaka Obor Indonesia

Tebal : viii + 278 halaman

NAMPAKNYA novel bertema sosial-politik memang seksi untuk ditulis. Jauh sebelum para penulis generasi pascareformasi hadir, para penulis sebelumnya nampak mulai mempopulerkan ini. Salah satunya ialah Mochtar Lubis. Pria kelahiran Padang, Sumatera Barat, 17 Maret 1922 ini nampak begitu concern dalam menulis ihwal sosial-politik, utamanya peristiwa sosial-politik yang ia alami kala itu.

Salah satu novel yang ia tulis adalah Senja di Jakarta. Novel ini bercerita tentang hiruk pikuk kehidupan di ibukota Jakarta sekitar tahun 1950-an. Saat itu Indonesia belum lama memproklamasikan kemerdekaan. Setelah Belanda mengakui kedaulatan melalui konferensi meja bundar. Saat kekuasaan pemerintahan dipegang oleh Perdana Menteri dengan kekuasaan partai politik yang dominan.

Meskipun latar cerita terjadi tahun 50-an, namun tidak menutup kemungkinan sampai saat ini masih relevan dan terus terjadi. Sebagai gambaran bagaimana potret kemiskinan yang dialami oleh orang-orang yang secara kultural dan struktural terpinggirkan. Bagaimana potret korupsi yang dilakukan elit partai politik hingga para abdi negara. Bagaimana potret ketimpangan yang terjadi antara si miskin dan si kaya. Bagaimana pemerintah yang seharusnya berjalan untuk kepentingan rakyat malah menjadi alat untuk melanggengkan kelompok-kelompok oligarki.

Potret masyarakat yang hidup miskin dan terpinggirkan dialami di antaranya oleh Itam dan Saimun. Keduanya merupakan perantauan di Jakarta setelah terusir dari desanya sendiri. Sehari-hari bekerja sebagai kuli sampah, memilah dan memungut sampah. Suatu hari Itam terusir dari tempat sampah tersebut akibat sakit yang ia alami. Tidak ada ampun, mandor tidak mau menerima ia kembali bekerja disana. Lantas ia menjadi penarik becak. Lumayan katanya, kalau lagi mujur sehari narik bisa sama dengan gaji yang ia dapat dari seminggu kerja di tempat sampah. Apalagi jika ia bisa mengantar para penikmat birahi ke rumah tempat Tante Bep.

Sementara itu, Saimun belajar menjadi sopir. Mula-mula ia belajar dari sopir truk sampah. Pada saat ia ingin mengurus rebewes/SIM ia kadung takut akibat belum lancar membaca dan menulis. Bukannya berhasil menjadi sopir, ia malah kembali ke semula. Nasib baik masih menimpa Saimun, di mana ia masih bisa hidup. Sementara Itam, mati mengenaskan dengan peluru yang menembus keningnya.

Di sisi lain, ada potret kehidupan para abdi negara yang hidup dengan setumpuk tugas dengan gaji pas-pasan. Jika tak kuat mental, bisa saja bernasib sial, seperti yang dialami Sugeng dan Idris. Sugeng seorang pegawai negeri di Kementerian Perekonomian sejak awal tidak mau terjerumus ke dalam praktik suap-menyuap dan korupsi yang lazim terjadi. Namun, pada akhirnya, akibat istrinya meminta untuk memiliki rumah sendiri, ia mencoba masuk ke dalamnya. Dan, ya itu, sekali terjerumus maka akan terus masuk ke dalamnya.

Lain lagi dengan yang dilakukan Idris, pegawai negeri di Kementerian Pendidikan. Ia nampak konsisten untuk bekerja dengan kejujurannya. Namun, walaupun ia bisa berdamai dengan kondisinya yang pas-pasan, tidak dengan yang istrinya rasakan. Sebab merasa dirinya memiliki tubuh yang artistik, ia pun menjajakan tubuhnya kepada para penikmat birahi di rumah Tante Bep, sampai akhirnya harus berurusan dengan praktik aborsi.

Selain itu ada kelompok yang merasa dirinya perantara antara si miskin, si kaya dan juga sistem yang ada. Mereka menganggap kerja-kerja intelektual dan praksisnya bisa membuahkan hasil. Namun, benarkah demikian? Murhalim seorang aktivis Islam ini misalnya menganggap ketimpangan yang sesungguhnya terjadi adalah ketidakmampuan pusat mendistribusikan kekayaan negara. Pusat hanya mengambil sebanyak-banyaknya dari daerah tapi hanya tertimbun di Jawa. Pantas saja banyak orang di seberang pulau yang anti terhadap Jawa.

Akhmad seorang aktivis ‘kiri’ ini getol mengadvokasi dan memprovokasi para buruh, tukang becak, dan rakyat kecil lainnya untuk melawan sistem yang ada. Pranoto seorang pegiat budaya yang hanya duduk di kamar, tiap malam berkumpul diskusi membicarakan masalah-masalah yang dialami masyarakat dan negara, tanpa ada aksi-aksi nyata bagi masyarakat.

Potret lainnya adalah bagaimana kelompok elit bekerja dengan memperkaya diri. Melalui perselingkuhan yang dilakukannya-antara pemerintah, partai, dan pers-menimbulkan akibat yang nyata bagi masyarakat. Mereka bekerja dengan menjual nama rakyat. Padahal hasilnya ditimbun oleh mereka-mereka sendiri.

Suyono misalnya, seorang pegawai negeri di Kementerian Luar Negeri, anak seorang petinggi partai dengan mudah mendapatkan akses terhadap sumber pendapatan, berupa lisensi perusahaan. Halim seorang wartawan yang pada akhirnya menjual nama pers demi kepentingannya sendiri. Pun dengan Husin Limbara dan Raden Kaslan yang memanfaatkan posisi politiknya untuk kepentingan pribadi. Lagi-lagi apapun yang dilakukan elit ini membebani rakyat. Walaupun rakyat tidak ikut andil dalam setiap keputusan-keputusan politik, tapi mereka orang pertama yang menerima akibatnya.

Pada akhirnya potret kaum urban tersebut mengingatkan saya pada pidato kebudayaan Mochtar Lubis berjudul Manusia Indonesia di Taman Ismail Marzuki (TIM) Jakarta. Pidato tersebut sekitar tahun 1977, sekitar empat puluh tiga tahun yang lalu, dua puluh tahun setelah Senja di Jakarta ditulis. Di mana ia mengatakan bahwa manusia Indonesia adalah manusia yang memiliki sifat: munafik, enggan bertanggung jawab atas perbuatannya, feodal, percaya takhayul, artistik, dan berkarakter/watak lemah.

Banyak pro-kontra mengenai pendapat tersebut. Namun, kategori tersebut setidaknya menggambarkan apa yang terjadi di dalam Senja di Jakarta, dan masih relevan dengan kondisi manusia Indonesia saat ini. (Taufan Sopian Riyadi/Isolapos.com)***

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